Yeo, S. C., Tan, J., Lo, J. C., Chee, M., & Gooley, J. J. (2020). Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore. Sleep Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.04.011.

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Abstract
Objective

To investigate associations of adolescents' time spent on homework/studying with nocturnal time for sleep and depression symptoms, in a competitive academic environment.

Design

Cross-sectional, anonymous survey of sleep habits, school life, and health-related measures.

Setting

Eight schools in Singapore.

Participants

 Total 1225 adolescents aged 13-19 years.

Measurements

Self-reported sleep behavior and time use data were collected separately for school days and weekends. Multiple regression models were used to test covariation of time spent on homework/studying with other activities, and associations of homework/studying duration with depression symptoms.

Results

Time in bed for sleep and media use were inversely related with homework/studying duration on both school days and weekends, adjusting for time spent on other activities and demographic variables. Face-to-face family time and hanging out with friends were also reciprocally related with homework/studying duration on weekends. Depression scores were higher in adolescents who spent long hours on homework/studying. On school days, this was mediated by reduced time in bed for sleep. On weekends, homework/studying duration associated with depression symptoms, adjusting for time in bed and other covariates. Adolescents who spent ≥5 hours on homework/studying per day on weekends had greater symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety.

Conclusions

In a competitive academic setting, adolescents who spent more time on homework/studying spent less time on sleep, media use, and social activities. Independent of effects on sleep, long hours on homework/studying on weekends may be a risk factor for depression. Reducing adolescents' workload outside of class may benefit their sleep, schoolwork-life balance, and mental well-being.

Keywords

Adolescent; Bedtime; Depression; Homework; Sleep deprivation; Time use