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Use this page to find information about early school start times. If an article is available for free, the link is provided. For articles not available for free due to copyright restrictions, the abstract is provided.
Early School Start Times
Gelfand, A. A., Pavitt, S., Ross, A. C., Szperka, C. L., Irwin, S. L., Bertisch, S., Stone, K. L., Frazier, R., Grimes, B., & Allen, I. E. (2020). Later high school start time is associated with lower migraine frequency in adolescents. Headache. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14016
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Widome, R., Berger, A. T., Iber, C., Wahlstrom, K., Laska, M. N., Kilian, G., Redline, S., & Erickson, D. J. (2020). Association of delaying school start time with sleep duration, timing, and quality among adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0344
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Estevan, I., Silva, A., Vetter, C., & Tassino, B. (2020). Short sleep duration and extremely delayed chronotypes in Uruguayan youth: The role of school start times and social constraints. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730420927601
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Carvalho-Mendes, R. P., Dunster, G. P., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Menna-Barreto, L. (2020). Afternoon school start times are associated with a lack of both social jetlag and sleep deprivation in adolescents. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730420927603
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Ziporyn, T., & Wake, J. (2020). Using sleep science to inform policy: The case of school start times. Sleep Health, 6(1), 2-3. Editorial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.010
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Illingworth, G., Sharman, R., Jowett, A., Harvey, C. J., Foster, R. G., & Espie, C. A. (2019). Challenges in implementing and assessing outcomes of school start time change in the UK: Experience of the Oxford Teensleep study. Sleep medicine, 60, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.021
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Bin-Hasan, S., Kapur, K., Rakesh, K., & Owens, J. (2020). School start time change and motor vehicles crashes in adolescent drivers. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8208
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Winnebeck, E. C., Vuori-Brodowski, M. T., Biller, A. M., Molenda, C., Fischer, D., Zerbini, G., & Roenneberg, T. (2019). Later school start times in a flexible system improve teenage sleep. Sleep. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz307
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Bertsimas, D., Delarue, A., & Martin, S. (2019). Optimizing schools’ start time and bus routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13), 5943-5948. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811462116
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Dunster, G. P., Crowley, S. J., Carskadon, M. A., & de la Iglesia, H. O. (2019). What time should middle and high school students start school?. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419892118
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Nahmod, N. G., Lee, S., Master, L., Chang, A. M., Hale, L., & Buxton, O. M. (2018). Later high school start times associated with longer actigraphic sleep duration in adolescents. Sleep, 42(2), zsy212. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy212
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Foss, R. D., Smith, R. L., & O'Brien, N. P. (2019). School start times and teenage driver motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 126, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.031
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Groen, J. A., & Pabilonia, S. W. (2019). Snooze or lose: High school start times and academic achievement. Economics of Education Review. (IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11166). Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.05.011
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Plog, A. E., McNally, J., Wahlstrom, K. L., & Meltzer, L. J. (2019). Impact of changing school start times on teachers/staff. Sleep, 42(Supplement 1), A85-A86. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz067.206
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Semenza, D. C., Meldrum, R. C., Jackson, D. B., Vaughn, M. G. Piquero, A. R. (2019). School start times, delinquency, and substance use: A criminological perspective. Crime & Delinquency. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719845147
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Bertsimas, D., Delarue, A., & Martin, S. (2019). Optimizing schools’ start time and bus routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811462116
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Temkin, D. A., Princiotta, D., Ryberg, R., & Lewin, D. S. (2018). Later start, longer sleep: Implications of middle school start times. Journal of School Health, 88(5), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12622
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Dunster, G. P., de la Iglesia, L., Ben-Hamo, M., Nave, C., Fleischer, J. G., Panda, S., & Horacio, O. (2018). Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students. Science Advances, 4(12), eaau6200. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6200
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Nahmod, N. G., Lee, S., Master, L., Chang, A. M., Hale, L., & Buxton, O. M. (2018). Later high school start times associated with longer actigraphic sleep duration in adolescents. Sleep. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy212
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Patte, K. A., Qian, W., Cole, A. G., Faulkner, G., Chaput, J. P., Carson, V., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2018). School start time changes in the COMPASS study: Associations with youth sleep duration, physical activity, and screen time. Sleep Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.09.020
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Wolfson, A. R. (2018). Current scholarship and future questions on delayed school start times for adolescents’ sleep and well-being. Sleep, 41(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy107
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Agostini, A., Carskadon, M. A., Dorrian, J., Coussens, S., & Short, M. A. (2017). An experimental study of adolescent sleep restriction during a simulated school week: Changes in phase, sleep staging, performance and sleepiness. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(2), 227-235.
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The entire December 2017 issue of Sleep Health is devoted to the start time issue. Click here to view the table of contents.
Ziporyn, T. D., Malow, B. A., Oakes, K., & Wahlstrom, K. L. (2017). Self-report surveys of student sleep and well-being: A review of use in the context of school start times. Sleep Health, 3(6), 498-507.
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Lee, C. J., Nolan, D. M., Lockley, S. W., & Pattison, B. (2017). Law-based arguments and messages to advocate for later school start time policies in the United States. Sleep Health, 3(6), 486-497.
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Kelley, P., Lockley, S. W., Kelley, J., & Evans, M. D. (2017). Is 8:30 a.m. still too early to start school? A 10: 00 a.m. school start time improves health and performance of students aged 13–16. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 588.
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Lusher, L., & Yasenov, V. (2018). Gender performance gaps: Quasi-experimental evidence on the role of gender differences in sleep cycles. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 252-262.
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Owens, J. A., Dearth-Wesley, T., Herman, A. N., Oakes, J. M., & Whitaker, R. C. (2017). A quasi-experimental study of the impact of school start time changes on adolescent sleep. Sleep Health. Advance online publication.
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Patte, K. A., Cole, A. G., Qian, W., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). Youth sleep durations and school start times: A cross-sectional analysis of the COMPASS study. Sleep Health, 3(6), 432-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.011
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Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., Connolly, H., & O'Connor, T. G. (2017). A process-oriented model linking adolescents' sleep hygiene and psychological functioning: The moderating role of school start times. Sleep Health. Advance online publication.
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Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., & Troxel, W. M. (2017). Later school start times in the U.S.: An economic analysis (Research Report No. RR-2109-RE). Retrieved from RAND Corporation website: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2100/RR2109/RAND_RR2109.pdf
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Wahlstrom, K. L., Berger, A. T., & Widome, R. (2017). Relationships between school start time, sleep duration, and adolescent behaviors. Sleep Health, 3(3), 216-221.
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Dunietz, G. L., Matos-Moreno, A., Singer, D. C., Davis, M. M., O'Brien, L. M., & Chervin, R. D. (2017). Later school start times: What informs parent support or opposition?. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(7), 889-897.
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Lewin, D. S., Wang, G., Chen, Y. I., Skora, E., Hoehn, J., Baylor, A., & Wang, J. (2017). Variable school start times and middle school student's sleep health and academic performance. Journal of Adolescent Health. Advance online publication.
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Heissel, J., & Norris, S. (2017). Rise and shine: The effect of school start times on academic performance from childhood through puberty. Journal of Human Resources, 54(4), 957-992
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Chan, N. Y., Zhang, J., Yu, M. W. M., Lam, S. P., Li, S. X., Kong, A. P. S., ... & Wing, Y. K. (2017). Impact of a modest delay in school start time in Hong Kong school adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 30, 164-170.
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Watson, N. F., Martin, J. L., Wise, M. S., Carden, K. A., Kirsch, D. B., Kristo, D. A.,… Chervin, R. D. (2017). Delaying middle school and high school start times promotes student health and performance: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(4), 623-625.
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McKeever, P. M., Clark, L. (in press). Delayed high school start times later than 8:30 am and impact on graduation rates and attendance rates. Sleep Health.
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Gariépy, G., Janssen, I., Sentenac, M., & Elgar, F. J. (2016, November). School start time and sleep in Canadian adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research.
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Barnes, M., Davis, K., Mancini, M., Ruffin, J., Simpson, T., Casazza, K. (2016). Setting adolescents up for success: Promoting a policy to delay high school start times. Journal of School Health, 86(7), 552-557.
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Millman, R. P., Boergers, J., Owens, J. (2016). Healthy school start times: Can we do a better job in reaching our goals? Sleep, 39(2), 267-268.
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Thacher, P.V., Onyper, S.V. (2016). Longitudinal outcomes of start time delay on sleep, behavior, and achievement in high school. Sleep. 39(2), 271-281.
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Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., & Croft, J. B. (2016). School start times, sleep, behavioral, health, and academic outcomes: A review of the literature. Journal of School Health, 86(5), 363-381.
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Meltzer, L. J., Shaheed, K., & Ambler, D. (2016). Start later, sleep later: School start times and adolescent sleep in homeschool versus public/private school students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14(2), 140-54.
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Minges, K. E., & Redeker, N. S. (2016). Delayed school start times and adolescent sleep: A systematic review of the experimental evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 28, 82-91.
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Barnes, C. M., & Drake, C. L. (2015). Prioritizing sleep health: Public health policy recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 733-7.
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Shapiro, T. M. (2015, August). The educational effects of school start times. Retrieved from IZA World of Labor website: http://wol.iza.org/articles/educational-effects-of-school-start-times/long
Fogg, N., & Johnson, A. (2015). Child and adolescent sleep patterns and early school start times: Recognizing the role of the pediatric nurse. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(4), 628-631.
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Wheaton, A. G., Ferro, G. A., Croft, J. B. (2015). School start times for middle school and high school students - United States, 2011–12 school year. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(30), 809-813.
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Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K. E., He, J. P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015). School start time and adolescent sleep patterns: Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent Supplement. American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1351-1357.
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Mukherjee, S., Patel, S. R., Kales, S. N., Ayas, N. T., Strohl, K. P, Gozal, D. & Malhotra, A. (2015). An official American Thoracic Society statement: The importance of healthy sleep. Recommendations and future priorities. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 191(12), 1450-1458. [includes a recommendation to align school start times with adolescent sleep needs and patterns]
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Society of Pediatric Nurses & National Association of School Nurses (2015). Early school start times: Joint consensus statement. Retrieved from http://www.pedsnurses.org/p/cm/ld/fid=57&tid=28&sid=539
Boergers, J. (2015). Benefits of later school start times. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 31(1), 1-6.
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Owens, J., Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R., Wolfson, A., Braverman, P. K., ... & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932.
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Vorona, R. D., Szklo-Coxe, M., Lamichhane, R., Ware, J. C., McNallen, A., & Leszczyszyn D. (2014). Adolescent crash rates and school start times in two central Virginia counties, 2009-2011: A follow-up study to a southeastern Virginia study, 2007-2008. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(11), 1169-77.
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Lamberg, L. (2014, September 2). School starts too early for teens, pediatricians agree. Psychiatric News. DOI: 10.1176/appi.pn.2014.10a28
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American Academy of Pediatrics (2014). Policy statement: School start times for adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(3), 642-649.
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The Children’s National Medical Center’s Blueprint for Change Team. (2014, April). School start time change: An in-depth examination of school districts in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/supt/update/1415/Blueprint-Change-School-Start-Time-Change-ReportFinal4-14-14.pdf
Boergers, J., Gable, C. J., & Owens, J. A. (2014). Later school start time is associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 11-17.
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Kelley, P., Lockley, S. W., Foster, R. G., & Kelley, J. (2014). Synchronizing education to adolescent biology: ‘Let teens sleep, start school later’. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(2), 210-226.
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Wahlstrom, K., Dretzke, B., Gordon, M., Peterson, K., Edwards, K., & Gdula, J. (2014, February). Examining the impact of later school start times on the health and academic performance of high school students: A multi-site study. Retrieved from University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy website: http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/162769
Kelley, P., & Lee, C. (2014). Later school start times in adolescence: Time for change. Retrieved from Education Commission of the States website: http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/12/19/11219.pdf
Karafin, G. R. (2013). Teen sleep issues and school start times, part I. Pennsylvania Psychologist, 73(6), 20, 22.
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Karafin, G. R. (2013). Teen sleep issues and school start times, part II. Pennsylvania Psychologist, 73(8), 22, 25.
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Cairney, G. (2013). Experts make a case for later school start times. Education Next, 32(26).
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Perkinson-Gloor, N., Lemola, S., & Grob, A. (2013). Sleep duration, positive attitude toward life, and academic achievement: The role of daytime tiredness, behavioral persistence, and school start times. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 311-8.
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Snider, T. (2012). Later school start times are a public-health issue. Education Week, 31(31), 25-27.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Do schools begin too early? The effect of start times on student achievement. Education Next, 12(3), 52-57.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 970-983.
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McGeorge, D. (2012). Sleepless in America: School start times. Education and Health, 30(3), 57-59.
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Short, M. A., Gradisar, M., Lack, L. C., Wright, H. R., Dewald, J. F., Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2012). A cross-cultural comparison of sleep duration between U.S. and Australian adolescents: The effect of school start time, parent-set bedtimes, and extracurricular load. Health Education & Behavior, 40(3), 323-30.
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Mindell, J. A., Owens, J., Alves, R., Bruni, O., Goh, D. Y., Hiscock, H., . . . Sadeh, A. (2011). Give children and adolescents the gift of a good night's sleep: A call to action. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 203-4.
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Jacob, B. A., & Rockoff, J. E. (2011, September). Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments. Retrieved from The Brookings Institution website.
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Kirby, M., Maggi, S., & D'Angiulli, A. (2011). Reviews/essays: School start times and the sleep-wake cycle of adolescents--A review and critical evaluation of available evidence. Educational Researcher, 40(2), 56-61.
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Tarokh, L., Raffray, T., Van Reen, E., & Carskadon, M. A. (2010). Physiology of normal sleep in adolescents. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 21(3), 401-17.
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Owens, J. A., Belon, K., & Moss, P. (2010). Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(7), 608-14.
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Lamberg, L. (2009). High schools find later start time helps students' health and performance. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(21), 2200-1.
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Noland, H., Price, J. H., Dake, J., & Telljohann, S. K. (2009). Adolescents' sleep behaviors and perceptions of sleep. The Journal of School Health, 79(5), 224-30.
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Gupta, R., Bhatia, M. S., Chhabra, V., Sharma, S., Dahiya, D., Semalti, K., . . . Dua, R. S. (2008). Sleep patterns of urban school-going adolescents. Indian Pediatrics, 45(3), 183-9.
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Wolfson, A. R., Spaulding, N. L., Dandrow, C., & Baroni, E. M. (2007). Middle school start times: The importance of a good night's sleep for young adolescents. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 25(3), 194-209.
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Hansen, M., Janssen, I., Schiff, A., Zee, P. C., & Dubocovich, M. L. (2005). The impact of school daily schedule on adolescent sleep. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1555-61.
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Wolfson, A., & Carskadon, M. (2005). A survey of factors influencing high school start times. NASSP Buletin, 89(642), 47-66
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Wolfson, A., & Carskadon, M. (2005). Meeting teen sleep needs creatively. Education Digest, 71(1), 47-51.
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Dexter, D., Bijwadia, J., Schilling, D., & Applebaugh, G. (2003). Sleep, sleepiness and school start times: A preliminary study. WMJ: Official Publication Of The State Medical Society Of Wisconsin, 102(1), 44-46.
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Wahlstrom, K. (2002). Changing times: Findings from the first longitudinal study of later high school start times. NASSP Bulletin, 86(633), 3-21.
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Epstein, R., Chillag, N., & Lavie, P. (1998). Starting times of school: Effects on daytime functioning of fifth-grade children in Israel. Sleep, 21(3), 250-6.
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Carskadon, M. A., Vieira, C., & Acebo, C. (1993). Association between puberty and delayed phase preference. Sleep, 16(3), 258-62.
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National Sleep Foundation. (n.d.). Backgrounder: Later school start times. Retrieved November 16, 2009 from https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/backgrounder-later-school-start-times
National Sleep Foundation. (n.d.). School start time and sleep. Retrieved November 16, 2009 from https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/school-start-time-and-sleep
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