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Start School Later Reference List
www.StartSchoolLater.net
Use this page to find information on adolescent sleep patterns, sleep loss, and the consequences of early high school start times. If an article is available for free, the link is provided. For articles not available for free due to copyright restrictions, the abstract is provided.
Sleep Patterns - Adolescents
Griggs, S., Conley, S., Batten, J., & Grey, M. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral sleep interventions for adolescents and emerging adults. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 54(2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101356
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Kaplan, K. A., Mashash, M., Williams, R., Batchelder, H., Starr-Glass, L., & Zeitzer, J. M. (2019). Effect of light flashes vs sham therapy during sleep with adjunct cognitive behavioral therapy on sleep quality among adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 2(9), e1911944-e1911944. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11944
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Owens, J. A., Dearth-Wesley, T., Herman, A. N., & Whitaker, R. C. (2019). Drowsy driving, sleep duration, and chronotype in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 205, 224-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.072
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Feliciano, E. M. C., Quante, M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Redline, S., Oken, E., & Taveras, E. M. (2018). Objective sleep characteristics and cardiometabolic health in young adolescents. Pediatrics, 142(1), e20174085. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-4085
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Urbanek, J. K., Spira, A. P., Di, J., Leroux, A., Crainiceanu, C., & Zipunnikov, V. (2018). Epidemiology of objectively measured bedtime and chronotype in US adolescents and adults: NHANES 2003–2006. Chronobiology International, 35(3), 416-434.
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Short, M. A., Weber, N., Reynolds, C., Coussens, S., & Carskadon, M. A. (2018). Estimating adolescent sleep need using dose-response modelling. Sleep. Advance online publication.
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Lusher, L., & Yasenov, V. (2018). Gender performance gaps: Quasi-experimental evidence on the role of gender differences in sleep cycles. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 252-262.
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Agostini, A., Carskadon, M. A., Dorrian, J., Coussens, S., & Short, M. A. (2017). An experimental study of adolescent sleep restriction during a simulated school week: Changes in phase, sleep staging, performance and sleepiness. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(2), 227-235.
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Vidal, H., & Shochat, T. (2017). Early to bed, early to rise: Sleep perceptions, patterns and related behaviors in ultra-orthodox Jewish adolescents in Israel. Sleep Health. Advance online publication.
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Hummer, D. L., & Lee, T. M. (2016). Daily timing of the adolescent sleep phase: Insights from a cross-species comparison. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 70, 171-181.
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Heissel, J., & Norris, S. (2017). Rise and shine: The effect of school start times on academic performance from childhood through puberty. Journal of Human Resources, 54(4), 957-992
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Chan, N. Y., Zhang, J., Yu, M. W. M., Lam, S. P., Li, S. X., Kong, A. P. S., ... & Wing, Y. K. (2017). Impact of a modest delay in school start time in Hong Kong school adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 30, 164-170.
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Beebe, D. W. (2016). The cumulative impact of adolescent sleep loss: Next steps. Sleep, 39(3), 497-9.
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Owens, J. A., Dearth-Wesley, T., Lewin, D., Gioia, G., & Whitaker, R. C. (2016). Self-regulation and sleep duration, sleepiness, and chronotype in adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(6).
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Zhang, J., Paksarian, D., Lamers, F., Hickie, I. B., He, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Sleep patterns and mental health correlates in US adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 182, 137-143.
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Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D'Ambrosio, C., Hall, W., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., ... & Rosen, C. L. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785-786.
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Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D'Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., ... & Rosen, C. L. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: Methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549-1561.
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Ong, J. L., Lo, J. C., Gooley, J. J., Chee, M. W. (2016). EEG changes across multiple nights of sleep restriction and recovery in adolescents: The need for sleep study. Sleep, 39(6), 1233-40.
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Owens, J., Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R., Wolfson, A., Braverman, P. K., ... & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932.
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Shochat, T., Cohen-Zion, M., & Tzischinsky, O. (2014). Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(1), 75-87.
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Basch C. E., Basch C. H., Ruggles K. V., Rajan S. (2014). Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007–2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(E216), 1-5.
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van der Vinne, V., Zerbini, G., Siersema, A., Pieper, A., Merrow, M., Hut, R. A., ... & Kantermann, T. (2014). Timing of examinations affects school performance differently in early and late chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 30(1), 53-60.
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Basch C. E., Basch C. H., Ruggles K. V., Rajan S. (2014). Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007–2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(E216), 1-5.
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Crowley, S. J., Van Reen, E., LeBourgeois, M. K., Acebo, C., Tarokh, L., Seifer, R.,...& Carskadon, M. A. (2014, November 7). A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence. PLoS One, 9(11), e112199.
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Hasler, B. P., Soehner, A. M., & Clark, D. B. (2014). Circadian rhythms and risk for substance use disorders in adolescence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(6), 460-466.
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Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2013). Adolescent sleep patterns in humans and laboratory animals. Hormones and Behavior, 64(2), 270-279.
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George, N. M., & Davis, J. E. (2013). Assessing sleep in adolescents through a better understanding of sleep physiology. American Journal of Nursing, 113(6), 26-31.
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Hasler, B. P., & Clark, D. B. (2013). Circadian misalignment, reward-related brain function, and adolescent alcohol involvement. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(4), 558-65.
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Dewald, J. F., Short, M. A., Gradisar, M., Oort, F. J., & Meijer, A. (2012). The chronic sleep reduction questionnaire (CSRQ): A cross‐cultural comparison and validation in Dutch and Australian adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 21(5), 584-594.
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Miller, N. L., Tvaryanas, A. P., & Shattuck, L. G. (2012). Accommodating adolescent sleep-wake patterns: The effects of shifting the timing of sleep on training effectiveness. Sleep, 35(8), 1123–1136.
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Hagenauer, M. H., & Lee, T. M. (2012). The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 33(3), 211-229.
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Amos, L. B., & D’Andrea, L. A. (2012, October 1). A look at adolescent sleep needs: Waking up to the unique sleep needs of adolescents. Contemporary Pediatrics.
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Mindell, J. A., Owens, J., Alves, R., Bruni, O., Goh, D. Y., Hiscock, H., . . . Sadeh, A. (2011). Give children and adolescents the gift of a good night's sleep: A call to action. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 203-4.
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Gradisar, M., Gardner, G., & Dohnt, H. (2011). Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Medicine, 12(2), 110-8.
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Kirby, M., Maggi, S., & D'Angiulli, A. (2011). Reviews/essays: School start times and the sleep-wake cycle of adolescents--A review and critical evaluation of available evidence. Educational Researcher, 40(2), 56-61.
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Malone, S. K. (2011). Early to bed, early to rise?: An exploration of adolescent sleep hygiene practices. Journal of School Nursing, 27(5), 348-54.
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Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 637-47.
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Eaton, D. K, McKnight-Eily, L. R., Lowry, R., Perry, G. S., Presley-Cantrell, L., & Croft, J. B. (2010). Prevalence of insufficient, borderline, and optimal hours of sleep among high school students - United States, 2007. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(4), 399-401.
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Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2011). Changes in sleep as a function of adolescent development. Neuropsychology Review 21(1), 5-21.
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Tarokh, L., Raffray, T., Van Reen, E., & Carskadon, M. A. (2010). Physiology of normal sleep in adolescents. Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 21(3), 401-17.
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Hagenauer, M. H., Perryman, J. I., Lee, T. M., & Carskadon, M. A. (2009). Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Developmental Neuroscience, 31(4), 276-84.
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Crowley, S. J., Acebo, C., & Carskadon, M. A. (2007). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Medicine, 8(6), 602-12.
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Hansen, M., Janssen, I., Schiff, A., Zee, P. C., & Dubocovich, M. L. (2005). The impact of school daily schedule on adolescent sleep. Pediatrics, 115(6), 1555-61.
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Dahl, R. E., & Lewin, D. S. (2002). Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6 Suppl), 175-84.
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National Sleep Foundation (2000). Adolescent sleep needs and patterns. Retrieved August 12, 2009 from http://www.sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/sleep_and_teens_report1.pdf
Carskadon, M. A., Wolfson, A. R., Acebo, C., Tzischinsky, O., & Seifer, R. (1998). Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep, 21(8), 871-81.
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Carskadon, M. A. (1990). Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician, 17(1), 5-12.
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Thorpy, M. J., Korman, E., Spielman, A. J., & Glovinsky, P. B. (1988). Delayed sleep phase syndrome in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9(1), 22-7.
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Early School Start Times
Gelfand, A. A., Pavitt, S., Ross, A. C., Szperka, C. L., Irwin, S. L., Bertisch, S., Stone, K. L., Frazier, R., Grimes, B., & Allen, I. E. (2020). Later high school start time is associated with lower migraine frequency in adolescents. Headache. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14016
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Widome, R., Berger, A. T., Iber, C., Wahlstrom, K., Laska, M. N., Kilian, G., Redline, S., & Erickson, D. J. (2020). Association of delaying school start time with sleep duration, timing, and quality among adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0344
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Estevan, I., Silva, A., Vetter, C., & Tassino, B. (2020). Short sleep duration and extremely delayed chronotypes in Uruguayan youth: The role of school start times and social constraints. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730420927601
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Carvalho-Mendes, R. P., Dunster, G. P., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Menna-Barreto, L. (2020). Afternoon school start times are associated with a lack of both social jetlag and sleep deprivation in adolescents. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730420927603
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Ziporyn, T., & Wake, J. (2020). Using sleep science to inform policy: The case of school start times. Sleep Health, 6(1), 2-3. Editorial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.010
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Illingworth, G., Sharman, R., Jowett, A., Harvey, C. J., Foster, R. G., & Espie, C. A. (2019). Challenges in implementing and assessing outcomes of school start time change in the UK: Experience of the Oxford Teensleep study. Sleep medicine, 60, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.021
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Bin-Hasan, S., Kapur, K., Rakesh, K., & Owens, J. (2020). School start time change and motor vehicles crashes in adolescent drivers. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8208
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Winnebeck, E. C., Vuori-Brodowski, M. T., Biller, A. M., Molenda, C., Fischer, D., Zerbini, G., & Roenneberg, T. (2019). Later school start times in a flexible system improve teenage sleep. Sleep. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz307
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Bertsimas, D., Delarue, A., & Martin, S. (2019). Optimizing schools’ start time and bus routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13), 5943-5948. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811462116
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Dunster, G. P., Crowley, S. J., Carskadon, M. A., & de la Iglesia, H. O. (2019). What time should middle and high school students start school?. Journal of Biological Rhythms. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419892118
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Nahmod, N. G., Lee, S., Master, L., Chang, A. M., Hale, L., & Buxton, O. M. (2018). Later high school start times associated with longer actigraphic sleep duration in adolescents. Sleep, 42(2), zsy212. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy212
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Foss, R. D., Smith, R. L., & O'Brien, N. P. (2019). School start times and teenage driver motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 126, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.031
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Groen, J. A., & Pabilonia, S. W. (2019). Snooze or lose: High school start times and academic achievement. Economics of Education Review. (IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11166). Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.05.011
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Plog, A. E., McNally, J., Wahlstrom, K. L., & Meltzer, L. J. (2019). Impact of changing school start times on teachers/staff. Sleep, 42(Supplement 1), A85-A86. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz067.206
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Semenza, D. C., Meldrum, R. C., Jackson, D. B., Vaughn, M. G. Piquero, A. R. (2019). School start times, delinquency, and substance use: A criminological perspective. Crime & Delinquency. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719845147
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Bertsimas, D., Delarue, A., & Martin, S. (2019). Optimizing schools’ start time and bus routes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811462116
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Temkin, D. A., Princiotta, D., Ryberg, R., & Lewin, D. S. (2018). Later start, longer sleep: Implications of middle school start times. Journal of School Health, 88(5), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12622
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Dunster, G. P., de la Iglesia, L., Ben-Hamo, M., Nave, C., Fleischer, J. G., Panda, S., & Horacio, O. (2018). Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students. Science Advances, 4(12), eaau6200. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6200
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Nahmod, N. G., Lee, S., Master, L., Chang, A. M., Hale, L., & Buxton, O. M. (2018). Later high school start times associated with longer actigraphic sleep duration in adolescents. Sleep. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy212
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Patte, K. A., Qian, W., Cole, A. G., Faulkner, G., Chaput, J. P., Carson, V., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2018). School start time changes in the COMPASS study: Associations with youth sleep duration, physical activity, and screen time. Sleep Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.09.020
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Wolfson, A. R. (2018). Current scholarship and future questions on delayed school start times for adolescents’ sleep and well-being. Sleep, 41(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy107
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Agostini, A., Carskadon, M. A., Dorrian, J., Coussens, S., & Short, M. A. (2017). An experimental study of adolescent sleep restriction during a simulated school week: Changes in phase, sleep staging, performance and sleepiness. Journal of Sleep Research, 26(2), 227-235.
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The entire December 2017 issue of Sleep Health is devoted to the start time issue. Click here to view the table of contents.
Ziporyn, T. D., Malow, B. A., Oakes, K., & Wahlstrom, K. L. (2017). Self-report surveys of student sleep and well-being: A review of use in the context of school start times. Sleep Health, 3(6), 498-507.
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Lee, C. J., Nolan, D. M., Lockley, S. W., & Pattison, B. (2017). Law-based arguments and messages to advocate for later school start time policies in the United States. Sleep Health, 3(6), 486-497.
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Kelley, P., Lockley, S. W., Kelley, J., & Evans, M. D. (2017). Is 8:30 a.m. still too early to start school? A 10: 00 a.m. school start time improves health and performance of students aged 13–16. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 588.
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Lusher, L., & Yasenov, V. (2018). Gender performance gaps: Quasi-experimental evidence on the role of gender differences in sleep cycles. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 252-262.
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Owens, J. A., Dearth-Wesley, T., Herman, A. N., Oakes, J. M., & Whitaker, R. C. (2017). A quasi-experimental study of the impact of school start time changes on adolescent sleep. Sleep Health. Advance online publication.
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Patte, K. A., Cole, A. G., Qian, W., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). Youth sleep durations and school start times: A cross-sectional analysis of the COMPASS study. Sleep Health, 3(6), 432-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.011
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Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., Connolly, H., & O'Connor, T. G. (2017). A process-oriented model linking adolescents' sleep hygiene and psychological functioning: The moderating role of school start times. Sleep Health. Advance online publication.
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Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., & Troxel, W. M. (2017). Later school start times in the U.S.: An economic analysis (Research Report No. RR-2109-RE). Retrieved from RAND Corporation website: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2100/RR2109/RAND_RR2109.pdf
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Wahlstrom, K. L., Berger, A. T., & Widome, R. (2017). Relationships between school start time, sleep duration, and adolescent behaviors. Sleep Health, 3(3), 216-221.
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Dunietz, G. L., Matos-Moreno, A., Singer, D. C., Davis, M. M., O'Brien, L. M., & Chervin, R. D. (2017). Later school start times: What informs parent support or opposition?. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(7), 889-897.
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Lewin, D. S., Wang, G., Chen, Y. I., Skora, E., Hoehn, J., Baylor, A., & Wang, J. (2017). Variable school start times and middle school student's sleep health and academic performance. Journal of Adolescent Health. Advance online publication.
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Heissel, J., & Norris, S. (2017). Rise and shine: The effect of school start times on academic performance from childhood through puberty. Journal of Human Resources, 54(4), 957-992
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Chan, N. Y., Zhang, J., Yu, M. W. M., Lam, S. P., Li, S. X., Kong, A. P. S., ... & Wing, Y. K. (2017). Impact of a modest delay in school start time in Hong Kong school adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 30, 164-170.
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Watson, N. F., Martin, J. L., Wise, M. S., Carden, K. A., Kirsch, D. B., Kristo, D. A.,… Chervin, R. D. (2017). Delaying middle school and high school start times promotes student health and performance: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(4), 623-625.
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McKeever, P. M., Clark, L. (2017). Delayed high school start times later than 8:30 am and impact on graduation rates and attendance rates. Sleep Health, 3(2), 119-125.
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Gariépy, G., Janssen, I., Sentenac, M., & Elgar, F. J. (2016, November). School start time and sleep in Canadian adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research.
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Barnes, M., Davis, K., Mancini, M., Ruffin, J., Simpson, T., Casazza, K. (2016). Setting adolescents up for success: Promoting a policy to delay high school start times. Journal of School Health, 86(7), 552-557.
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Millman, R. P., Boergers, J., Owens, J. (2016). Healthy school start times: Can we do a better job in reaching our goals? Sleep, 39(2), 267-268.
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Thacher, P.V., Onyper, S.V. (2016). Longitudinal outcomes of start time delay on sleep, behavior, and achievement in high school. Sleep. 39(2), 271-281.
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Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., & Croft, J. B. (2016). School start times, sleep, behavioral, health, and academic outcomes: A review of the literature. Journal of School Health, 86(5), 363-381.
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Meltzer, L. J., Shaheed, K., & Ambler, D. (2016). Start later, sleep later: School start times and adolescent sleep in homeschool versus public/private school students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14(2), 140-54.
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Minges, K. E., & Redeker, N. S. (2016). Delayed school start times and adolescent sleep: A systematic review of the experimental evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 28, 82-91.
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Barnes, C. M., & Drake, C. L. (2015). Prioritizing sleep health: Public health policy recommendations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 733-7.
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Shapiro, T. M. (2015, August). The educational effects of school start times. Retrieved from IZA World of Labor website: http://wol.iza.org/articles/educational-effects-of-school-start-times/long
Fogg, N., & Johnson, A. (2015). Child and adolescent sleep patterns and early school start times: Recognizing the role of the pediatric nurse. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30(4), 628-631.
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Wheaton, A. G., Ferro, G. A., Croft, J. B. (2015). School start times for middle school and high school students - United States, 2011–12 school year. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(30), 809-813.
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Paksarian, D., Rudolph, K. E., He, J. P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015). School start time and adolescent sleep patterns: Results from the US National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent Supplement. American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1351-1357.
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Mukherjee, S., Patel, S. R., Kales, S. N., Ayas, N. T., Strohl, K. P, Gozal, D. & Malhotra, A. (2015). An official American Thoracic Society statement: The importance of healthy sleep. Recommendations and future priorities. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 191(12), 1450-1458. [includes a recommendation to align school start times with adolescent sleep needs and patterns]
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Society of Pediatric Nurses & National Association of School Nurses (2015). Early school start times: Joint consensus statement. Retrieved from http://www.pedsnurses.org/p/cm/ld/fid=57&tid=28&sid=539
Boergers, J. (2015). Benefits of later school start times. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, 31(1), 1-6.
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Owens, J., Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R., Wolfson, A., Braverman, P. K., ... & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932.
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Vorona, R. D., Szklo-Coxe, M., Lamichhane, R., Ware, J. C., McNallen, A., & Leszczyszyn D. (2014). Adolescent crash rates and school start times in two central Virginia counties, 2009-2011: A follow-up study to a southeastern Virginia study, 2007-2008. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 10(11), 1169-77.
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Lamberg, L. (2014, September 2). School starts too early for teens, pediatricians agree. Psychiatric News. DOI: 10.1176/appi.pn.2014.10a28
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American Academy of Pediatrics (2014). Policy statement: School start times for adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(3), 642-649.
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The Children’s National Medical Center’s Blueprint for Change Team. (2014, April). School start time change: An in-depth examination of school districts in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/supt/update/1415/Blueprint-Change-School-Start-Time-Change-ReportFinal4-14-14.pdf
Boergers, J., Gable, C. J., & Owens, J. A. (2014). Later school start time is associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(1), 11-17.
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Kelley, P., Lockley, S. W., Foster, R. G., & Kelley, J. (2014). Synchronizing education to adolescent biology: ‘Let teens sleep, start school later’. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(2), 210-226.
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Wahlstrom, K., Dretzke, B., Gordon, M., Peterson, K., Edwards, K., & Gdula, J. (2014, February). Examining the impact of later school start times on the health and academic performance of high school students: A multi-site study. Retrieved from University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy website: http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/162769
Kelley, P., & Lee, C. (2014). Later school start times in adolescence: Time for change. Retrieved from Education Commission of the States website: http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/12/19/11219.pdf
Karafin, G. R. (2013). Teen sleep issues and school start times, part I. Pennsylvania Psychologist, 73(6), 20, 22.
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Karafin, G. R. (2013). Teen sleep issues and school start times, part II. Pennsylvania Psychologist, 73(8), 22, 25.
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Cairney, G. (2013). Experts make a case for later school start times. Education Next, 32(26).
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Perkinson-Gloor, N., Lemola, S., & Grob, A. (2013). Sleep duration, positive attitude toward life, and academic achievement: The role of daytime tiredness, behavioral persistence, and school start times. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 311-8.
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Snider, T. (2012). Later school start times are a public-health issue. Education Week, 31(31), 25-27.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Do schools begin too early? The effect of start times on student achievement. Education Next, 12(3), 52-57.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 970-983.
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McGeorge, D. (2012). Sleepless in America: School start times. Education and Health, 30(3), 57-59.
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Sun, Y., Sekine, M., & Kagamimori, S. (2009). Lifestyle and overweight among Japanese adolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology, 19(6), 303-10.
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Ozturk, A., Mazicioglu, M., Poyrazoglu, S., Cicek, B., Gunay, O., & Kurtoglu, S. (2009). The relationship between sleep duration and obesity in Turkish children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica, 98(4), 699-702.
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Yarcheski, T. J., Mahon, N. E., & Yarcheski, A. (2009). Vigor and fatigue and positive health practices in young adolescents. Psychological Reports, 104(2), 693-7.
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Chen, X., Beydoun, M. A., & Wang, Y. (2008). Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(2), 265-74.
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Patel, S. R., & Hu, F. B. (2008). Short sleep duration and weight gain: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(3), 643-53.
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Van Cauter, E., & Knutson, K. L. (2008). Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. European Journal of Endocrinology, 159(Suppl 1), S59-66.
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Van Cauter, E., Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., & Leproult, R. (2008). Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Medicine, 9(Suppl 1), S23-8.
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Smaldone, A., Honig, J. C., & Byrne, M. W. (2007). Sleepless in America: Inadequate sleep and relationships to health and well-being of our nation's children. Pediatrics, 119(Suppl 1), S29-37.
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Lumeng, J. C., Somashekar, D., Appugliese, D., Kaciroti, N., Corwyn, R. F., & Bradley, R. H. (2007). Shorter sleep duration is associated with increased risk for being overweight at ages 9 to 12 year. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1020-9.
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Seicean, A., Redline, S., Seicean, S., Kirchner, H. L., Gao, Y., Sekine, M., . . . Storfer-Isser, A. (2007). Association between short sleeping hours and overweight in adolescents: Results from a US Suburban High School survey. Sleep & Breathing, 11(4), 285-93.
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Chaput, J. P., & Tremblay, A. (2007). Does short sleep duration favor abdominal adiposity in children? International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2(3), 188-91.
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Currie, A., & Cappuccio, F. P. (2007). Sleep in children and adolescents: A worrying scenario: Can we understand the sleep deprivation-obesity epidemic? Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 17(3), 230-2.
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Snell, E. K, Adam, E. K, & Duncan, G. J. (2007). Sleep and the body mass index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Child Development, 78(1), 309-23.
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Yu, Y., Lu, B. S., Wang, B., Wang, H., Yang, J., Li, Z.,. . . Wang, X. (2007). Short sleep duration and adiposity in Chinese adolescents. Sleep, 30(12), 1688-97.
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Chaput, J. P., Brunet, M., & Tremblay, A. (2006). Relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood overweight/obesity: Results from the 'Québec en Forme' Project. International Journal of Obesity, 30(7), 1080-5.
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Taheri, S. (2006). The link between short sleep duration and obesity: We should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(11), 881-4.
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Knutson, K. L. (2005). Sex differences in the association between sleep and body mass index in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 147(6), 830-4.
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Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004). Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Medicine, 1(3), e62.
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Dahl, R. E., & Lewin, D.S. (2002). Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6 Suppl), 175-84.
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Gupta, N. K., Mueller, W. H., Chan, W., & Meininger, J. C. (2002). Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? American Journal of Human Biology, 14(6), 762-8.
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Giugliano, R., & Carneiro, E. C. (2002). Factors associated with obesity in school children. Jornal de Pediatria, 80(1), 17-22.
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von Kries, R., Toschke, A. M., Wurmser, H., Sauerwald, T., & Koletzko, B. (2002). Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep--a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(5), 710-6.
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Carpenter, S. (2001). Sleep deprivation may be undermining teen health. Monitor on Psychology, 32(9).
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Kelman, B. B. (1999). The sleep needs of adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 15(3),14-9.
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Sufrinko, A., Johnson, E. W., & Henry, L. C. (2016). The influence of sleep duration and sleep-related symptoms on baseline neurocognitive performance among male and female high school athletes. Neuropsychology, 30(4), 484-491.
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Start Times and Attendance, Absenteeism, and Tardiness
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Hysing, M., Haugland, S., Stormark, K. M., Bøe, T., & Sivertsen, B. (2015). Sleep and school attendance in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 43(1), 2-9.
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Owens, J., Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R., Wolfson, A., Braverman, P. K., ... & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 970-983.
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Owens, J. A., Belon, K., & Moss, P. (2010). Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(7), 608-14.
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Wolfson, A. R., Spaulding, N. L., Dandrow, C., & Baroni, E. M. (2007). Middle school start times: The importance of a good night's sleep for young adolescents. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 25(3), 194-209.
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Wahlstrom, K. (2002). Changing times: Findings from the first longitudinal study of later high school start times. NASSP Bulletin, 86(633), 3-21.
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Disadvantaged Populations
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Combs, D., Goodwin, J. L., Quan, S. F., Morgan, W. J., & Parthasarathy, S. (2015). Longitudinal differences in sleep duration in Hispanic and Caucasian children. Sleep Medicine, 18, 61-66.
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Matthews, K. A., Hall, M., & Dahl, R. E. (2014). Sleep in healthy black and white adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1189-96.
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Basch C. E., Basch C. H., Ruggles K. V., Rajan S. (2014). Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007–2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(E216), 1-5.
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Matthews, K. A., Dahl, R. E., Owens, J. F., Lee, L., & Hall, M. (2012). Sleep duration and insulin resistance in healthy black and white adolescents. Sleep, 35(10), 1353-8.
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Buckhalt, J. A. (2011). Insufficient sleep and the socioeconomic status achievement gap. Child Development Perspectives, 5(1), 59-65.
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Mindell, J. A., Owens, J., Alves, R., Bruni, O., Goh, D. Y., Hiscock, H., . . . Sadeh, A. (2011). Give children and adolescents the gift of a good night's sleep: A call to action. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 203-4.
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Economic Consequences
Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., & Troxel, W. M. (2017). Later school start times in the U.S.: An economic analysis (Research Report No. RR-2109-RE). Retrieved from RAND Corporation website: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2100/RR2109/RAND_RR2109.pdf
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Edwards, F. (2012). Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 970-983.
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Jacob, B. A., & Rockoff, J. E. (2011, September). Organizing schools to improve student achievement: Start times, grade configurations, and teacher assignments (Discussion Paper 2011-08). Retrieved from The Brookings Institution website: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/092011_organize_jacob_rockoff_paper.pdf
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Elementary School Children
Keller, P. S., Gilbert, L. R., Haak, E. A., Bi, S., & Smith, O. A. (2017). Earlier school start times are associated with higher rates of behavioral problems in elementary schools. Sleep Health, 3(2), 113-118.
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Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D'Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., ... & Rosen, C. L. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: Methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549-1561.
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Keller, P. S., Smith, O. A., Gilbert, L. R., Bi, S., Haak, E. A., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2015). Earlier school start times as a risk factor for poor school performance: An examination of public elementary schools in the commonwealth of Kentucky. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 236-245.
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Dupuis, D. N. (2015, December). The association between elementary school start time and students’ academic achievement in Wayzata Public Schools. Retrieved from University of Minnesota. Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement website: https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/181187
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Boyland, L., Harvey, M. W., Riggs, W., & Campbell, B. (2015). Changing school times to combat adolescent sleep deprivation: Perceptions of school stakeholders. Journal of School Public Relations, 36(1).
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Franckle, R. L., Falbe, J., Gortmaker, S., Ganter, C., Taveras, E. M., Land, T., & Davison, K. K. (2015). Insufficient sleep among elementary and middle school students is linked with elevated soda consumption and other unhealthy dietary behaviors. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted To Practice And Theory, 7436-41.
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Appleman, E. R., Gilbert, K. S., & Au, R. (2015). School start time changes and sleep patterns in elementary school students. Sleep Health, 1(2), 109-114.
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Hanover Research. (2013, February). Impact of school start time on student learning. Retrieved from http://www.shorewood.k12.wi.us/uploaded/Family_Resources/general/Impact_of_School_Start_Time.pdf
Edwards, F. (2012). Do schools begin too early? The effect of start times on student achievement. Education Next, 12(3), 52-57.
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Edwards, F. (2012). Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance. Economics of Education Review, 31(6), 970-983.
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Westerlund, L., Ray, C., & Roos, E. (2009). Associations between sleeping habits and food consumption patterns among 10-11-year-old children in Finland. British Journal of Nutrition, 102(3), 1-7.
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von Kries, R., Toschke, A. M., Wurmser, H., Sauerwald, T., & Koletzko, B. (2002). Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep--a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 26(5), 710-6.
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Kubow, P. K., Wahlstrom, K. L., & Bemis, A. E. (1999). Starting time and school life: Reflections from educators and students. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(5), 366-371.
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Other Concerns
McHill, A. W., Hull, J. T., Wang, W., Czeisler, C. A., & Klerman, E. B. (2018). Chronic sleep curtailment, even without extended (> 16-h) wakefulness, degrades human vigilance performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(23), 6070-6075. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706694115
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Pereira, É. F., Moreno, C., & Louzada, F. M. (2013). Increased commuting to school time reduces sleep duration in adolescents. Chronobiology International, 31(1), 87-94.
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Perry, G. S., Patil, S. P., & Presley-Cantrell, L. R. (2013). Raising awareness of sleep as a healthy behavior. Preventing Chronic Disease, 10, E133.
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Axelsson, J., Sundelin, T., Ingre, M., Van Someren, E. J., Olsson, A., & Lekander, M. (2010). Beauty sleep: Experimental study on the perceived health and attractiveness of sleep deprived people. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 341, c6614.
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Ludden, A. B., & Wolfson, A. R. (2009). Understanding adolescent caffeine use: Connecting use patterns with expectancies, reasons, and sleep. Health Education & Behavior, 36(5), 1-13.
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Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2008). Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(2), 153-62.
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